Don Draper and fellow “Mad Men” would likely be horrified, but alcohol
and tobacco — long joined at the hip by chain smokers and heavy drinkers
— are countering the U.S.’ current aversion to excess by rebranding
themselves as new sources of bioenergy.
Link to the original article on
Renewable Energy World.
Tobacco, which has suffered declining market share and price yields
for decades in the U.S., could reinvent itself as a genetically-altered
biomass for production of biodiesel, bio-gasoline, or bio-jet fuels.
The spirits industry, meanwhile, is already using their industrial
beer and liquor byproducts to generate bioenergy as a means of
offsetting operational costs.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Advanced Research Projects
Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) is spending $4.9 million on a three-year program
that aims to produce gasoline, diesel and jetfuel from tobacco. The DOE,
along with partners at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL),
the University of California at Berkeley, and the University of Kentucky
in Lexington, envision producing a genetically-engineered tobacco plant
that has almost a third of its dry weight in hydrocarbons.
The group has been working on the project for more than a year and by
early 2015, hopes to have engineered the plants to produce biofuels
efficiently and directly in their leaves. By some estimates, a
thousand acres of genetically-engineered tobacco could yield more than a
million gallons of biofuel. That’s in contrast to the normal arduous
task of biofuel production involving microbial reduction of sugars into
biofuel.
“Algae already makes alkane and turpenoid oils, used for biofuels
like biodiesel or bio-jet,” said Peggy Lemaux, a plant microbial
biologist at the University of California at Berkeley and a principal
investigator on the ARPA-E project. “Thus, by installing algal genes in
tobacco leaf tissue, we can make these oils in tobacco and extract them
directly from the green leaf biomass in a straightforward process.”
The aim is to engineer existing tobacco plants for more efficient
carbon uptake so that photosynthesis will trigger the creation of these
much sought-after hydrocarbon oils.
“We have produced these oils in tobacco,” said Lemaux. “But we are
still not at the levels that we need to be able to compete with ethanol.
But we know that can [happen].”
Historically grown in wide neat rows to ensure the highest quality
product not the most quantity, farmers who wanted to grow tobacco for
biofuels would flip that model.
“We could produce quite a bit of tonnage per acre if we didn’t plant
it in [the] wide rows of today,” said Michael Moore, a tobacco extension
agronomist at the University of Georgia’s Agricultural Extension
Service, who notes this year the state will harvest 11,000 acres of
tobacco. “We’re harvesting only the leaves with a statewide average of
2,400 pounds per acre. But we could vary our plant population from the
current 7,000 plants per acre to 200,000 per acre easily enough.”
Tobacco farmers are already very supportive of this project, says
Lemaux, who adds that with the exception of China, conventional tobacco
markets are diminishing. She says tobacco also offers growers more
flexibility in planting than switchgrass or miscanthus, noting that from
year to year, tobacco farmers can switch out tobacco for another crop.
“The farmer will get the [new] seeds from the University of
Kentucky,” said Lemaux. “Planting may be a little closer than normal,
but the harvesting will be similar. We will extract [oil] from green
biomass, so we won’t be drying it.”
Even so, tobacco’s future as a biofuel is not just whether it can
compete with ethanol, but also whether it can compete with growers who
are already growing and harvesting their crops for conventional tobacco
companies.
Lemaux says that one reason ARPA-E chose tobacco for a project is precisely because, unlike corn grown for ethanol, tobacco has never been a food crop.
With tobacco, Lemaux says, there will never be a dilemma over whether
to use it for food or for fuel, as has been the case with corn. She
even predicts that within in 20 years, tobacco grown for dipping,
chewing or smoking could be supplanted by tobacco grown solely as a
biofuel source.
Alcohol and Bioenergy
Where there’s tobacco, there is also usually beer. In this instance,
however, the brewing industry is further ahead in creating new sources
of bioenergy.
Magic Hat Brewing Company is a case in point.
This South Burlington, Vt. brewery, which makes about 200,000 barrels
of beer per year, is now using a large part of its spent waste to
create biogas. Although the average brewery generates five parts of
waste for every one part of beer, Magic Hat has a two-to-one
waste-to-product ratio. As Eric Fitch, a mechanical engineer and the CEO
and founder of Purpose Energy in Arlington, Ma., explains, up until the
company began its bioenergy endeavor, most of the waste byproduct was
trucked off site for use as livestock feed or for pet food.
Since June 2011, an anaerobic digester designed and manufactured by
Purpose Energy has been supplying the brewery with 220 kW of
biogas-generated electricity.
“We have three different bioreactors integrated into one tank at
Magic Hat,” said Fitch. “Solids go into the first tank and break down
into soluble sugars and acids. Then those sugars and acids go into the
second and third reactors and are converted into methane biogas.”
Fitch says his company’s system takes Magic Hat’s waste and reduces
the cost of byproduct remediation by over 60 percent. The methane gas
that is produced is, in turn, run into a power plant that makes heat and
electricity used in the brewery. As a result, Fitch estimates that
magic hat has replaced about a third of its fossil fuel-derived
electricity with renewable biogas.
Such concepts are also familiar to the Alaskan Brewing Company.
At 1,000 miles north of Seattle in the far-flung south-east Alaska
panhandle, there’s little or no livestock on the Alexander archipelago.
Thus, for nearly two decades, the Juneau-based Alaskan Brewing Company
has shipped its spent grain to Pacific Northwest farmers and ranchers to
use primarily as feed for their cattle.
But since February of this year, the craft brewer, which distributes
throughout 14 western states including Alaska, has been using its dried
spent wheat, malt and barley grain to fire the brewery’s boiler kettles,
says Andy Kline, communications manager at the Alaskan Brewing Company.
As a result, the brewery, which produces 140,000 barrels of beer
annually, projects its 4,500 tons of annual spent grain fuel will save
over 1.5 million gallons of fuel oil over the next 10 years, while
reducing the company’s fuel oil consumption by 70 percent.
It’s likely that we’ll see more brewers figure out that recycling
their waste and using it as energy helps to bring down production costs.
But tobacco as biofuel may be a harder sell to farmers used to growing
the crop for generations of smokers. The idea might just need the
marketing smarts of a latter-day Don Draper.
